2020托福听力备考五大要素

托福听力备考五大要素是什么?其实听力备考五大要素涵盖了听力备考的各个方面，这五个要素分别是词汇、精听、题型、背景知识和语感。下面小编就和大家分享托福听力备考五大要素缺一不可，来欣赏一下吧。

托福听力备考五大要素缺一不可

托福听力备考五大要素之 词汇

任何语言的学习都是以单词为基础的，托福考试当然跳不过这一关。但是由于托福听力考试本身不涉及单词拼写，考生可以把重点放在单词读音和意思的辨认上，尽量扩大自己的词汇量，只记基础词汇拼写。

托福听力备考五大要素之 精听

无论何种形式的听力考试，精听都是最能从根本上提高听力能力的练习方式。朗阁海外考试研究中心分析发现，考生在做听力时容易出现这么几个问题：(1)无法整句理解。由于词汇和语法知识的欠缺，很多考生在听文章时往往只能抓住个别单词词组，再加上自己的猜测来进行理解，这么做会造成理解不到位或者错误的发生，有时多想一秒钟也会影响到下文。(2)记忆容量不够。听后忘前是最容易发生的情况。(3)笔头不快。考生记笔记时手忙脚乱，想记这个又舍不得那个，最终写下的内容都是鸡肋。精听练习要求考生听一句记一句，单句太长也可根据意群来做停顿。长期这样的练习可以有效解决以上三个问题，巩固了单词，全面提高听力能力。

托福听力备考五大要素之 题型

托福听力考试题型上的特点就是通篇选择，没有任何单词拼写的风险，因此初次接触考试的同学可能会抱着大不了一猜的心态，认为题型上难度不大。但是别忘了托福听力机考的特点是先听文章再做题目，并没有提前预览的机会，因此考生在听文章前对内容几乎是完全没有概念的，会有些盲目。只有了解托福听力的出题特点，才能在听文章时把握好重点，记录有效信息。托福听力中的选择题型可以分为传统的单选题和多选题，以及相对新颖的配对排序题三种。各种题型将会考到学生对文章基本信息的理解，对所给情景的理解以及整合信息的能力。单选题为四选一，多选题一般需要选择2-3个正确选项，而配对排序题考到的内容一般比较细节。比较特殊的选择性题目有原音复现题，从理论上来说这类题目的原文考生是听了两遍，但事实上遍时考生并不清楚考点所在，考生在做原音复现题时就一定得好好把握文章中言下之意。

托福听力备考五大要素之 背景知识

托福听力考试中较难的讲座部分内容可以分为艺术、生命科学、自然科学以及人文科学四个部分，可以说包含了人类知识的方方面面，并没有明确的方向。考试中经常出现的话题如天文、地理地质、音乐绘画、生物等是考生可以重点去了解的内容。推荐同学们可以通过以下几种方法积累这些背景知识

(1)整理自己完成的习题。市面上托福习题集有很多，很多考生拼命做完题后却不知道还能干什么。除了做精听之外，梳理出现过的各科背景知识也能做到有效积累。(2)多看《探索》、《国家地理》等节目。如果能以听的形式来积累背景知识对于听力练习来说当然是不过了。不必刻意追求每字每句都听懂，关键在于广泛积累知识。(3)利用维基百科或者百度百科等搜索引擎弄清平时自己碰到的背景知识难点。

托福听力备考五大要素之 语感

其实语感是非常飘渺不定的东西，看不到摸不着，却对我们的理解起着非常大的作用。说话人语音语调的变化，用词的选择都对理解起着微妙的作用。考生平时可以多多跟读，模仿说话人的口吻，揣摩说话人的言下之意，这对考生做理解情景类的题目是非常有帮助的。

托福听力备考五大要素如上，如果大家在备考中已经能够兼顾到这几个方面，那么就不用再刻意去提升，如果这几方面仍有欠缺，建议尽快弥补短板，提升听力能力。

2020托福听力练习：害羞的鱼类更喜欢追随同样胆小的鱼

When you think of a leader, you may think of an individual who is above all bold. But a new study of fish called sticklebacks shows that shy individuals actually prefer to follow fish that are similarly timid.

Researchers had trios of sticklebacks with known personalities play follow the leader. The fish were placed in a tank that had some plastic plants at one end and some food hidden at the other. In some of the groups, a bold fish and a shy fish acted as leaders, while another shy fish followed. And in other groups, it was a bold fish that did the following. The researchers recorded whether the follower sallied forth more frequently with the fish that was behaviorally similar or the one that was different.

What they found is that shy fish were more likely to emerge from under cover when an equally wary fellow was already out there. Bold follower fish did not seem to care which leader they followed.

Of course, no matter which fish a stickleback chose to stick with, the bold fish did lead more expeditions over the course of the experiment than their more retiring friends. That’s because the bold fish initiated more trips, regardless of who might be tailing them. The findings are in the journal Biology Letters.

The researchers write that "when offered a choice of leaders, sticklebacks prefer to follow individuals whose personality matches their own, but bolder individuals may, nevertheless, be able to impose their leadership, even among shy followers, simply through greater effort." We may soon see if such tendencies also hold true in humans, when Americans decide who they’ll follow in November. Unless, of course, something fishy happens.

你可能认为领导者通常都是非常大胆的个体。但是一项有关刺鱼的新研究表示，害羞的鱼类更喜欢追随同样胆小的鱼。

研究人员将已知性格的三只刺鱼分为一组，观察它们追随领导者的情况。刺鱼被放在一个水箱里，水箱的一头有一些塑料植物，另一头藏有一些食物。在有些组中，一只大胆的鱼和一只害羞的鱼充当领导者，而另一只害羞的鱼则跟随它们。而在其他组中，跟随的却是一只大胆的鱼。研究人员记录了跟随者采取行动的频率，看它们是跟随行为相似的鱼出现的次数更多，还是跟随性格相反的鱼出来的次数更多。

研究人员得出的结论是，当同样谨慎的鱼出现时，害羞的鱼更可能从遮蔽物中出来。大胆的跟随者似乎并不在乎它们跟随的领导者是谁。

当然了，在实验过程中，无论一只刺鱼选择跟随哪只鱼，大胆的鱼领导的探险多于腼腆的鱼。这是因为无论是谁在跟随，大胆的鱼发起的探险更多。实验结果发表在《生物学通讯》上。

研究人员写道：“在可以选择领导者时，刺鱼更喜欢跟随在个性上同自己相符的个体，但是即使在害羞的鱼中间，较大胆的个体也能通过加倍努力来施加它们的领导力。”我们很快就会看到这种趋向性是否同样适用于人类，因为美国人将于今年11月决定他们要追随的人选。除非发生可疑的事情。

1. sally forth 勇敢投入;

例句：With these desperate speeches he sallied forth upon the desiegers.

说完这些绝望的话，他就朝围攻的人冲去。

2. be likely to do sth. 可能(做…)的;有(…)倾向的;

例句：The fires are likely to permanently deforest the land.

这些火灾很可能会彻底毁掉这片土地上的森林。

3. stick with 紧跟;紧随;和…呆在一起;

例句：Tugging the woman's arm, she pulled her to her side saying: 'You just stick with me, dear.'

她拽着那个女人的胳膊，将她拉到自己身边说：“亲爱的，你就跟我呆在一起。”

4. regardless of 不顾;不管;不论;

例句：We will do it regardless of what might happen.

不管情况怎样，我们决意这样做。

5. hold true 同样适用;

例句：This law is known to hold true for galaxies at a distance of at least several billion light years.

这个定律被普遍认为同样适用于至少数十亿光年之远的星系。

2020托福听力练习：研究或揭示狗的祖先是欧亚大陆的狼

In Jack London's The Call of the Wild, a pet dog named Buck winds up in the Yukon…where he succumbs to his desire to return to his wild cousins…the wolves.

"It's hard to say no to that call, isn't it Buck? It's all right boy.

Go ahead."

Of course, Buck himself was the descendant of wolves.

Wolves that lived more than 10,000 years ago.

"At this time people would have been hunting and gathering."

Laurent Frantz, a geneticist at the University of Oxford in the U.K.

Humans roamed across Eurasia.

They would eat, and throw scraps around their settlement.

Which attracts wildlife. Wildlife like wolves.

Over time a split would have appeared in wolf populations, he says:

those wolves that feared humans, and those that didn't.

"So this would have facilitated, I think, the domestication process."

At which point humans deliberately took wolves as pets.

But that domestication process, Frantz says, may have happened more than once: first in the west, in Europe.

And again in the far east, in Asia.

Frantz and his colleagues analyzed the DNA from a 4,800-year-old Irish dog's ear bone, along with the genomes of hundreds of other modern and ancient dogs.

After building a family tree, they determined that dogs could have been first domesticated in Europe, at least 15,000 years ago.

But the data also point to another domestication in East Asia, more than 13,000 years ago.

Sometime after that, they say, humans from East Asia wandered to Europe… and brought their dogs with them.

Leading to a mixing of the two populations.

The study appears in the journal Science.

Frantz says most purebred dog breeds trace their origins to the 1800s.

But as this study reminds us—if you go back far enough, all dogs are mutts.

杰克·伦敦的小说《野性的呼唤》中，一只名为巴克的狗狗最终从人类文明社会返回狼群。

那样的呼唤很难拒绝，对吧，巴克!好了伙计。

走吧!

当然，巴克是狼的后代。

驯化过程.jpg

狼在10,000多年前就开始生活。

“那时候的人们一直过着群居及打猎的生活。”

洛伦特·弗朗茨是英国牛津大学的一位遗传学家。

人类横跨了欧亚大陆。

他们曾经在进食后将吃剩下的东西扔在定居点周围。

这就招来了野生动物，狼就包括在内。

而他表示随着时间的推移狼群会产生两派。

“那就是害怕人类的狼群及毫无惧意的狼群。

我认为这就促成了狼的驯化过程。

人类曾故意将狼当作宠物。

弗朗茨表示这种驯化过程曾经发生过不只一次，第一次是在西方的欧洲;

其次是在遥远的东方亚洲。

弗朗茨和他的同事们对4800年前爱尔兰狗的耳骨及数千只现代及古代狗的基因组进行了对比分析。

在建立家谱后，他们认为至少在15,000年前，狗就第一次在欧洲被人类驯服。

但数据也显示在13,000多年前，东亚也曾经有过驯服动物的行为。

而后的时间，研究人员认为东亚人带着驯服过的狗前往欧洲。

这导致两个种群的混合。

这项研究已在《科学》杂志上发表。

弗朗茨表示最纯种狗的起源能够追溯到18世纪。

但这项研究提醒我们，如果你追溯的足够久远，就会发现所有的狗都不是纯种。

1.wind up 收尾;煞尾

例句:The President is about to wind up his visit to Somalia.

总统即将结束对索马里的访问。

2.domestication process 驯化过程

例句:In their studies, the researchers also found that farmers have tried to develop ricevarieties expressing the GIF1 gene during the domestication process.

在研究过程中，科研人员也发现了在水稻驯化过程中，农民选择培育了GIF1高表达的水稻变种。

3.along with 随着

例句:I'll go along with you.

我将随同你一起去。

4.family tree 族谱;系谱

例句:A family tree shows our family members and relatives.

家谱表明我们的家庭成员和亲戚。